When I was four years and two months, that was when the Nazi Party took over absolute power. And the first things that I remember, are the very anti-Semitic cartoons at street corners. They were part of a newspaper called ‘Das Schwarze Korps’ and[B1] ‘Der Beobachter[B2] ’, and similar papers, all propaganda. And they would show a, a, a terribly ugly Jew, really ridiculous! Either wearing a Russian Army cap, or a top hat covered in the American flag. In other words, what they were trying to say was that the Jews were Bolsheviks – which was the name for Communists in those days – or they were Capitalists. And they all had it in for Germany, and they were doing absolutely terrible things apparently to very innocent-looking… German youth. I realised, even then, that this was the other way around. That the German youth did terrible things to quite innocent Jews. I also remember the sign at every bar and café, restaurant, and hotel, “Juden unerwünscht” – “Jews not wanted”. And I also remember when my mother took me to visit her friends and relatives, they would talk in quiet tones. But children have antennae, you know, they…they aren’t as stupid as they look. They, they more or less guessed what was going on. And they would be talking for instance about another case of a woman who received the ashes of her husband in a cardboard box, for which she had to pay postage. He had been taken to a concentration camp – in those days it was Dachau and Oranienburg – and he was killed there and cremated. And what she got was the ashes.”